...Southern Siberian members of the so-called “Scytho-Siberian community.”

Horse genetics and the Indo-European and Altaic expansions

The horse plays a key part in the mythologies of the Indo-Europeans. And no wonder, because its domestication was most likely one of the main factors that facilitated the expansion of Indo-European culture across Eurasia. Indeed, I've just spotted some uncanny parallels between the results of a study on ancient horse DNA, published in PLoS One today, and the info in many of my blog posts about the early steppe tribes who began migrating from Europe during the late Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. The paper also presents data that corroborates the later spread of Altaic groups from eastern Central Asia during the Iron Age.
...
Our dataset has a bias of pre-domestic samples from Asia. For this reason one has to be careful when proposing putative centers of domestication. Notwithstanding, our results postulating local introgressions of wild mares and multiple domestication episodes in Europe and East Asia are not speculative. Both of these regions contributed significantly to determine the genetic portfolio of modern breeds during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Likewise, the mismatch distribution of the early-domestic European and Siberian horses produced evidence for a bottleneck 1500 years after the postulated origin of domestic horses in North Kazakhstan around 3500 BC [21]. Furthermore, our data on Bronze and Iron Age horses indicate local domestication and/or introgression of East Asian haplotypes. The evolution of these private East Asian haplotypes was enhanced by the isolation of Mongolian and Chinese wild horses due to the Altai-Mountains and the Takla Makan and Gobi deserts. These geographical barriers effectively segregated them from their cousins in the Eurasian steppe.
...
Considering our data from the Bronze Age horses, it appears that domestic horses spread soon after their initial domestication. Horse-riding was probably the catalyst for such fast spreading, starting an unprecedented process of gene flow 5,500 years ago.
...
Our dataset has a bias of pre-domestic samples from Asia. For this reason one has to be careful when proposing putative centers of domestication. Notwithstanding, our results postulating local introgressions of wild mares and multiple domestication episodes in Europe and East Asia are not speculative. Both of these regions contributed significantly to determine the genetic portfolio of modern breeds during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Likewise, the mismatch distribution of the early-domestic European and Siberian horses produced evidence for a bottleneck 1500 years after the postulated origin of domestic horses in North Kazakhstan around 3500 BC [21]. Furthermore, our data on Bronze and Iron Age horses indicate local domestication and/or introgression of East Asian haplotypes. The evolution of these private East Asian haplotypes was enhanced by the isolation of Mongolian and Chinese wild horses due to the Altai-Mountains and the Takla Makan and Gobi deserts. These geographical barriers effectively segregated them from their cousins in the Eurasian steppe.
...
Considering our data from the Bronze Age horses, it appears that domestic horses spread soon after their initial domestication. Horse-riding was probably the catalyst for such fast spreading, starting an unprecedented process of gene flow 5,500 years ago.
Our dataset has a bias of pre-domestic samples from Asia. For this reason one has to be careful when proposing putative centers of domestication. Notwithstanding, our results postulating local introgressions of wild mares and multiple domestication episodes in Europe and East Asia are not speculative. Both of these regions contributed significantly to determine the genetic portfolio of modern breeds during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Likewise, the mismatch distribution of the early-domestic European and Siberian horses produced evidence for a bottleneck 1500 years after the postulated origin of domestic horses in North Kazakhstan around 3500 BC [21]. Furthermore, our data on Bronze and Iron Age horses indicate local domestication and/or introgression of East Asian haplotypes. The evolution of these private East Asian haplotypes was enhanced by the isolation of Mongolian and Chinese wild horses due to the Altai-Mountains and the Takla Makan and Gobi deserts. These geographical barriers effectively segregated them from their cousins in the Eurasian steppe.
...
Considering our data from the Bronze Age horses, it appears that domestic horses spread soon after their initial domestication. Horse-riding was probably the catalyst for such fast spreading, starting an unprecedented process of gene flow 5,500 years ago.
...
Considering our data from the Bronze Age horses, it appears that domestic horses spread soon after their initial domestication. Horse-riding was probably the catalyst for such fast spreading, starting an unprecedented process of gene flow 5,500 years ago.
Considering our data from the Bronze Age horses, it appears that domestic horses spread soon after their initial domestication. Horse-riding was probably the catalyst for such fast spreading, starting an unprecedented process of gene flow 5,500 years ago.
Cieslak M, Pruvost M, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Morales A, et al. (2010) Origin and History of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in Domestic Horses. PLoS ONE 5(12): e15311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015311
It's unclear where the first horses were domesticated. As per above, it might have been in modern-day North Kazakhstan 3500 BC. Perhaps, and my own theory is that migrants from the cattle breeding
It's unclear where the first horses were domesticated. As per above, it might have been in modern-day North Kazakhstan 3500 BC. Perhaps, and my own theory is that migrants from the cattle breedingFunnelbeaker (or TRB) culture first entered the Eastern European steppes from Central Europe on wagons pulled by oxen. After that, they began adapting to their new way of life, and eventually became the ancient steppe cowboys that many view as the stereotypical early Indo-Europeans.
Below are a couple of abstracts from studies I blogged about in recent years, which fit together very nicely with the quotes above to paint a picture of two ancient expansions from the opposite ends of Eurasia.
It's unclear where the first horses were domesticated. As per above, it might have been in modern-day North Kazakhstan 3500 BC. Perhaps, and my own theory is that migrants from the cattle breedingFunnelbeaker (or TRB) culture first entered the Eastern European steppes from Central Europe on wagons pulled by oxen. After that, they began adapting to their new way of life, and eventually became the ancient steppe cowboys that many view as the stereotypical early Indo-Europeans.
Below are a couple of abstracts from studies I blogged about in recent years, which fit together very nicely with the quotes above to paint a picture of two ancient expansions from the opposite ends of Eurasia.
Below are a couple of abstracts from studies I blogged about in recent years, which fit together very nicely with the quotes above to paint a picture of two ancient expansions from the opposite ends of Eurasia.
Below are a couple of abstracts from studies I blogged about in recent years, which fit together very nicely with the quotes above to paint a picture of two ancient expansions from the opposite ends of Eurasia.
Christine Keyser et al., Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people, Human Genetics, Saturday, May 16, 2009, doi: 10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0
The beginning of a new stage in the population history of this region (the large-scale immigration of Mongoloid groups from Eastern Central Asia and their hybridization with the Caucasoids) is documented by the markedly “eastern” tendency displayed by the series from Arzhan-2. In earlier periods, eastern traits only concentrated in separate individuals, implying that the immigration was small-scale (rather, one might speak of an infiltration of small Mongoloid groups, which were subsequently assimilated by the Caucasoids).
The beginning of a new stage in the population history of this region (the large-scale immigration of Mongoloid groups from Eastern Central Asia and their hybridization with the Caucasoids) is documented by the markedly “eastern” tendency displayed by the series from Arzhan-2. In earlier periods, eastern traits only concentrated in separate individuals, implying that the immigration was small-scale (rather, one might speak of an infiltration of small Mongoloid groups, which were subsequently assimilated by the Caucasoids).
The beginning of a new stage in the population history of this region (the large-scale immigration of Mongoloid groups from Eastern Central Asia and their hybridization with the Caucasoids) is documented by the markedly “eastern” tendency displayed by the series from Arzhan-2. In earlier periods, eastern traits only concentrated in separate individuals, implying that the immigration was small-scale (rather, one might speak of an infiltration of small Mongoloid groups, which were subsequently assimilated by the Caucasoids).
V. G. Moiseyev, Nonmetric traits in Early Iron Age cranial series from Western and Southern Siberia, Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, Volume 25, Number 1 / July, 2006, DOI: 10.1134/S1563011006010117
Our data suggest multiple domestications and introgressions of females especially during the Iron Age. Although all Eurasian regions contributed to the genetic pedigree of modern breeds, most haplotypes had their roots in Eastern Europe and Siberia.
Our autosomal, Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal that whereas few specimens seem to be related matrilineally or patrilineally, nearly all subjects belong to haplogroup R1a1-M17 which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early Indo-Europeans. Our results also confirm that at the Bronze and Iron Ages, south Siberia was a region of overwhelmingly predominant European settlement, suggesting an eastward migration of Kurgan people across the Russo-Kazakh steppe. Finally, our data indicate that at the Bronze and Iron Age timeframe, south Siberians were blue (or green)-eyed, fair-skinned and light-haired people and that they might have played a role in the early development of the Tarim Basin civilization.
The analysis of nonmetric cranial traits has revealed various affinities of the Early Iron Age Western and Southern Siberian members of the so-called “Scytho-Siberian community.” Most of them descended from Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Caucasoid immigrants from the west. During the Early Iron Age, these immigrants had mostly assimilated the aboriginal populations of the steppe zone, characterized by plesiomorphic trait combinations that were still discernible in certain groups such as those associated with Krotovo and Okunev cultures.Posted by Davidski at 9:40 PM No comments:
Labels: Eurasia, horse, Indo-European, mtDNA


Source from- http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2010_12_01_archive.html
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015311#pone.0015311-Outram1

Settling of the Indo-Europeans, Finno-Ugrians, and Turks in Eastern Europe (Survey)

The First Neolithic Tribes in Eastern Europe

Settling of the Indo-Europeans, Finno-Ugrians, and Turks in Eastern Europe (Survey)

The population of Eastern Europe are still led their traditional way of life of wandering hunter-gatherers, when a number of separate cultures was formed on the Balkan Peninsula and in the lower Danube in the 6th millennium BC. Common roots of these cultures were nourished by cultural flow penetrating to the South-East Europe across the Aegean area from Anatolia.

Demographic expansion of farming communities from the Caucasus and Anatolia in Eastern Europe could be due to a relative overpopulation in their primary habitat, or rather the achievement level of the so-called "maximum economic function", which places the border population growth in a certain area, occurring not only a natural way but also due to the retracting of small farming communities of neighboring groups.

The emergence of Neolithic cultures on the territory of the Ukraine was obviously connected with this cultural flux.

The first farmers and pastoralists penetrated in Eastern Europe from the Dniester River to the Lower Don from the south-west, and partly, perhaps, from the Caucasus (BROMLEY Yu.V., 1986, 292). Actually, these newcomers were the creators of the first Neolithic cultures in Eastern Europe. During their spread in the direction to the Carpathian Basin in the 5th mill BC, when engaged in farming and cattle breeding tribes were first settled here, a gradual transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic occurred (HERRMANN JOACHIM , 1982, 43). The newcomers created the culture Linear Pottery in the area of the Carpathian arc, which applies to large parts of Europe and even to France. Several interrelated Neolithic cultures belonging to the circle of this culture are known in the Middle Danube. The earliest of these, the culture Körös, created by people of the South-Balkan origin (SHUSHARIN V.P., 1971, 12).

Obviously, another group of newcomers has created the Bug-Dniester culture, which coulg have links with the more advanced synchronous cultures of South-Eastern Europe. Mykola Tovkaylo said that after establishing contact with the culture of Körös in the "the outsets of productive economy i.e agriculture and livestock spread in the area of the Bug-Dniester culture " (TOVKAYLO M.T., 1998, 1). However we can also suppose that the elements of the new management had been made not only by simple contacts by together with the resettlement of the population from the Balkan to the basin of the Southern Bug. Some large group of immigrants from the Balkans created here the Earlly-Trypillian culture. The race of the creators the Tripollian culture in the Ukraine can be identified by the data of anthropology, which also confirm the wave of newcomers from the Balkans:

"The physical types of people of the Tripollian culture is characterized by gracility and dolichocephalia . Morphological features of this type are wide spread in Western Europe, Mediterranean, Asia Minor, besides that special affinity with the Tripollians is shown by cranial series of Central Europe and the Mediterranean Basin". (KONDUKTOROVA T.S. 1973, 49)

The Reconstrucion of the appearance of the Trypillians confirms this fact (see Fig. 19)

Fig. 19. Graphical Reconstrucion of the Appearance of the Trypillians by M.M. Gerasimov on the basis of found sculls. (MASSON V.M., MERPERT N.Ya. 1982. Fig.)

The Bu-Dniestr and Early-Typollian cultures coexisted in the same area and maintained close relationships a long time from the middle of the 1st to start of the 2nd quarter of the 4th BC (TOVKAYLO M.T. 1998, 14-15). At the same time (in the 5th mill BC) Neolithic cultures spread through the South and North Caucasus to the eastern part of the Ukraine (the Dnieper-Surska and the Dnieper-Donets cultures). The spreading was occurred by as resettlement and partly by borrowing the productive economy.

One can assume that third stream of migration of carriers from the Neolithic cultures existed also from Asia along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea to the right bank of the Ural River and thence to the Lower Volga. The archaic Yelshansk Neolithic culture in the area between these rivers may be evidence of such a possibility:

It is not excluded that, the territory of Central Asia was transformed into a semi-desert in connection with desertification. Living conditions deteriorated sharply, which resulted in an outflow of population northward in a more favourable habitat. This area could be the Forest-steppe and the Volga region. Alien populations mingled with the natives and could borrow the local tradition of making stone tools" (TURETSKIY M.A. 2007, 53).

Thus the community of farmers from the South Caucasus and other parts of Asia have begun to move north in search of the land. Among these communities were the Indo-European, Altaic, Uralian people, who left their Urheimat iin the 6th mill. BC and gradually reached Eastern Europe.

Буриад-Буряты-Buryat

Буриад

Монголын нэгэн гол ястан нь Буриад монголчууд билээ. Тэдний өвөг дээдэс нь Байгаль нуурын ар өврөөр нутаглаж асан эртний анчин гөрөөчин ойн иргэдийн нэгэн бөгөөд XIII зуунаас өмнөх үед Байгалаас хойш Хилого /хялго/, Зүлгэ /Лена/ мөрний сав, Сэлэнгийн адгаар сууж байсан Булгачин Хэрэмчин хийгээд Горлог /Енисей/ мөрний эхэн, Байгаль орчимд амьжирч агсан Хорь-Түмэд, Баргужин төхөмд аж төрөх Баргуд зэрэг монгол угсааны аймгууд байсан ажээ.

Дорнод Монголын буриадууд нь Онон-Улз голын сав дагуу Хэнтий аймгийн Батширээт, Биндэр, Дадал, Норовлин зэрэг сумнаа зонхилон нутаглах хорь 11 овог: Цагаан, Галзууд, Бодонгууд, Шарайд, Халбин, Батнай, Худай, Гушид, Хүгдүүд, Харгана, Ухуацай болон Дорнод аймгийн Баян-Уул, Баяндун, Дашбалбар сумнаа голлон суух 8 овог: Цагаан, Галзууд, Хүгдүүд, Ухуацай, Бодонгууд, Шарайд, Халибин, Харгана зэрэг овог яснаас бүрэлдэхийн дээр Хэнтий аймгийн Батширээт сумнаа бүхий Худар Буриадын дотор Шонос, Буур, Авзай, Хурмуш, Олзон, Бахи зэрэг овог дайралдана. Хэдий тийм боловч эдгээр яс овог нь хоорондоо холилдсон нь олонтаа байна.

Эдгээр яс овгуудын нэрийг ажиглахад Хорь, Ага буриад нь буриадын эртний овгуудаас бүрдэж байхад Цонгоолын дотор Халх, Өвөр Монгол, Ойрад гаралтай яс овгууд зонхилж байна. Энэ нь буриад ястний овгууд эрт хожмын олон үед бүрэлдснийг харуулж байна. Буриад Монголчууд МУ-ын Хэнтий, Дорнод, Сэлэнгэ аймаг: ОХУ-ын Бурят АССР, Эрхүү мужийн Усть-Ордын үндэсний тойрог, Чита мужийн Агын үндэсний тойрог: БНХАУ-ын Өвөр Монголын өөртөө засах орны Хөлөнбуйр аймгийн Шинэхэн нутагт оршин сууж байна. 

МУ-ын буриадууд нь хэл аялгуун хувьд Онон Улзын хорь, ага, хамниган, худир буриадын аялгуу: Сэлэнгэ-Үүрийн голын түнхэн-санагын цонгоол буриадын аялгуугаар хэлэлцэнэ. Түүнчилэн буриад ястан нь өвөрмөц соёл бүхий зон юм. Тэд байшин сууцанд голлон суух ба барилга барих хадлан хадах, жимсчлэх ан агнах, үнээ саах ажилд нэн сурамгай. Сүү машиндаж зөөхий хийх, талх барих, жимсний дармал бэлтгэх талаар нэн чадамгай. Найр наадамд харилцаа дуу дуулал-цах, цэц булаалдах, бүжиг бүжих, домог тууль хэлэх, тэргүүтнээрээ ихэд алдартай билээ.

Буряты

        Народ, расселившийся на территории Прибайкалья и Забайкалья. В настоящее время буряты проживают в России, Монголии, Китае. В России традиционно делятся на западных прибайкальских и восточных забайкальских бурят. Подразделяются на роды. В Восточном Забайкалье представлены в основном Хоринскими родами.
        В Агинском бурятском автономном округе в основном проживают представители восьми хоринских родов. По легенде они являются потомками одиннадцати сыновей Хоридоя Мэргена (Хоридоя-охотника), из которых два рода - потерянные (тёмные), а девять - живут по сей день.
        Легенда о Хоридое Мэргене - очень древняя. Подтверждают её некоторые наскальные изображения. В Частности на священном месте бурят - острове Ольхон (на озере Байкал), где найдено изображение 11 лебедей, два из которых - маленькие, не вставшие на крыло птенцы.

        Сейчас в Агинском бурятском автономном округе проживают представители восьми хоринских родов (потомков Хоридоя Мэргена), каждый из которых делится на малые роды. У каждого рода есть свой отличительный знак - знамя. На знамени - говорящее изображение, называющее род.

        На приводимых ниже рисунках в знамя добавлены названия родов на бурятском языке в старомонгольской и кириллической графике.

род Хуасай

Амба сарай мяханда

Уланхаржа улэнхэржэ хурисаагYй

Арза хорзо архида

Обтожо шуhажа байгаагYй

Хандагай мэргэн ураатай

Хуа тугтай хуасай

род ХYбдYYд

ХYхюн дорюун зантай

Хунгэн шэнгэн ябадалтай

Хухигэр олон аилтаи

Хухын Yндэгэ эдиhэн

Хара бургэд ураатай

Хухэ тугтай

ХYбдYYд

род Галзууд
ДээгYYр hанаатай
Дэлбуул зантай
Дуугай байдаггYй
Даржагануур Yгэтэй
ДэндYY тургэдYY
Дээрэ зYрхэтэй
Дааган ураатай
Гал улаан тугтай
Галзууд

род Бодонгууд

Бодын мяханда бYдYYржэ YзøøгYй

Боошхын архида бYхøøржэ YзøøгYй

Ула мYрøø харуулаагYй

Аяг зангаа танюулаагYй

Ухаан балайраагYй

Хøøрэлдоон хуушараагYй

Шоо мэргэн ураатай

Боро тугтай бодонгууд

род Хальбан

Хара тогоондо хабатай

Харбаха номодо хаhагYй

Дэльбэн тогоондо дYйтэй

Дали номондо дYрэгYй

Шоо мэргэн ураатай

Халюун тугтай

Хальбан

род Шарайд

БYжэн туулайн

Бøøрэ олодог

БYржэ шонын

Yрсэ отолдог

Хандагай мэргэн ураатай

Шара тугтай

Шарайд

род Харгана

Мохоо хутагаараа

Мунса зуралдаг

Морин Тэргээрээ

Мууе шэрэдэг

БYхэриг хоморгошо

Эд зоориншэ

Хара тугтай

Харгана

род Сагаангууд

Сарай мяханда садажа YгøøгYй

Сагаанай архида hогтожо YзøøгYй

Нюдэн бYрYYлтøøгYй

Шэхэн дYлиирøøгYй

Шэгээ алдаагYй

ЗYгøø тøøреэгYй

Шоо мэргэн ураатай

Санаан тугтай

Сагаангууд

Из-за отсутствия соответствующих букв в раскладке win-1251, в названиях родов на бурятском языке вместо краткого «у» здесь пишется «Y», а вместо краткого «о» - символ «ø». Извините за доставленное неудобство.

        Названия родов и знамёна приводятся по информации, опубликованной на стенде районной администрации Агинского района АБАО.

Buryats

        The people that settled in the Baikal region and Transbaikalia. Currently Buryats live in Russia, Mongolia and China. Russia has traditionally been divided into western and eastern Transbaikal Pribaikal drill. Subdivided into clans. In East Transbaikalia are mainly Khorinsk delivery. In the Aga Buryat Autonomous Area is mostly inhabited by eight Khorinsk birth. According to legend they are the descendants of eleven sons Horidoya Mergena (Horidoya-hunter), of which two kinds - lost (dark), and nine live to this day.

        Legend of Horidoy Mergene - very old. Confirm some of its carvings. In particular, at the sacred place of bore - Olkhon Island (Lake Baikal), which found 11 images of swans, two of which - small, not taken the wing chicks. Now the Aga Buryat Autonomous District is home to eight Khorinsk delivery (descendants Horidoya Mergena), each of which is divided into small clans. Each kind has its own distinctive mark - the banner. On the banner - talking image, is the genus. In the figure below a banner added to names of genera in the Old Mongolian Buryat language and Cyrillic chart.

Монгол Алтайн уулсаас генийн холбоог “олов”

Барселоны Автономийн их сургуулийн (БАИС) удирдсан хэсэг эрдэмтэд, европ болон азичуудын генийн холилцооны талаарх анхны шинжлэх ухааны баталгааг хоёр мянгаад жилийн өмнө Монголын Алтайн бүсэд амьдарч байсан эртний скифийн дайчдын үлдэгдлээс олжээ.
Өнөөг хүртэл гол гэгдэж байсан таамаглалыг өөрчлөх тэдний судалгааны талаар PLoS ONE хэвлэлд нийтлэгдсэн байна. Төв азичуудын хүн ам зүйн түрэмгийллээс болж европчууд зүүн зүгт нүүсэн. Мөн Скифийн соёл иргэншлэлийн дэвшлээр Ази болон европчуудын гений холилцоо бий болсон гэж эрдэмтэд үзжээ. http://world.news.mn/content/126349.shtml
Алтай уулсын баруун хэсэг нь Орос, Казахстанд зүүн үзүүр нь Монгол, Хятадад байдаг. Төв Азийн тал нутаг нь Ази, Европ хүн амын нүүдлийн гол зам байсан учраас өнөөдөр ч олон янзын үндэстэн ястнууд амьдарч байна.
Тал нутгийн дунд орших Алтайн их уулс нь хоёр талд нь амьдардаг хүн амыг нийлэн холилдоход нь том саад болж байсан. Эдгээр уулсын “буян”-аар баруун хэсгийн европчууд, зүүн талын азиуд хэдэн мянган жилээр тусгаарлагдан амьдарч ирсэн. Гэхдээ европ болон азичуудын генийн төстэй байдал эрдэмтдийн анхаарлыг татсаар ирсэн.
Харин одоо БАИС болон Мигель Крусафонтын нэрэмжит Каталоны палентлогийн дээд сургууль, Биологийн хөгжлийн дээд сургуулийн (UPF-CSIC) эрдэмтдийн судалгаа нь Евроазийн гений холилдооны цаг хугацаа ба нөхцөл байдлыг тодруулан өгч байна.
БАИС-ийн палегентикийн лабораторийн эрдэмтэд хүрэл зэвсгийн үеийн (МЭӨ VII-X зууны), Төмөр зэвсгийн үеийн (МЭӨ II-VII зуун) 19 шарилын, ба шүдний үлдэгдлээс авсан митохондриалийн (эхийн удамшлалын өвөг дээдсээ мэдэх) ДНК-ийн шинжилгээг хийжээ. Эдгээр үлдэгдлүүдийг долоон жилийн өмнө малтаж гаргасан скифийн дайчдын хиргисүүрээс гарган авсан байна.
Шинжилгээний үр дүнд Алтайн ууланд амьдарч байсан скифүүдийн цагт хамаарах Төмөр зэвсгийн үеийн хүн амын Европ ба Азийн митохондриалийн эсийн шугам буюу Днкийн дараалал нь 50:50 хувьтай байсныг нотолжээ. Үүнээс өмнөх үеийн хүн амд нь ийм эсийн холилцоо байгаагүй. Тухайлбал, Орос ба Казахстан дахь булшны ДНК нь европ хүнийх, Монголын зүүн хэсгийн булшны шарилынн ДНК нь Азийн хүнийх байсан юм.
Европоос скифийн соёл иргэншлэлийн түрэн орж ирснээр уулсын хоёр талын хүн амын генийн холилцоо эхэлсэн болж таарлаа гэж эрдэмтэд дүгнэжээ. Алтайн хязгаарын эртний ДНК-ийн дээжийн судалгаа нь Европ, Азийн цус холилдсон анхны том ард түмэн бол скифүүд байсан гэдгийг харуулжээ. Евроазийн тал нутгийн баруун хэсгийн ястан үндэстнүүд Европын хүн ам зүүн тийш нүүснээс үүдэлтэй гэж өмнө нь үзэж байсан юм.
БАИС 2005-2007 онд Франц, Монголын эрдэмтэдийн хамт Монгол Алтайгаас олдсон хиргисүүрт малтлага хийж бйасан. Тэд гурван улирлын турш 20 гаруй булшинд малтлагийг хийсэн бөгөөд эд хогшил, морь, малынх нь хамт оршуулсан ихэнх нь хөлдөөгдсөн, занданшуулсан скиф дайчдын булш байсан юм. Өмнө нь эрдэмтэд Алтайн баруун хэсэгт малтлаг хийсэн байжээ. Скифүүд нь морь мал тэжээдэг нүүдэлчид байв. Скифүүд МЭӨ 2-7 зуунд Төв Азийн тал нутаг руу нүүж эхэлсэн ба тэдний суурьшлал МЭӨ 7-10 зуунд бүрэлдэн тогтжээ. Скифуудын тухай хамгийн их мэдээлэл Грекийн түүхч Геродотын бичлэгүүдэд байдаг юм.
Бэлтгэсэн Ш.МЯГМАР

Race

Description
This page of the book is from "The New Student's Reference Work: Volume 1" by Chandler B. Beach, Frank Morton McMurry and others.

i Ainu of Japan 2 Chinese 3 Japanese Girl 4 Shiba Man 5 Manchu 6 Golde 7 Mangune

8 Giljak Man 9 Buriat 10 Katjinz 11 Korean 12 Giljak Woman

Read more:

http://chestofbooks.com/reference/The-New-Student-s-Reference-Work-Vol1/pp0142.html#ixzz1qqEvYIdA

TNAP-2012